Case 3

A 40-year-old man comes into your ED complaining of firmness and stinging in the fingers of both hands.

He gave a history of having been outside clearing the snow from his footpath earlier that day. He was not wearing gloves and was outside for 2 hours.

His medical history includes type 2 diabetes mellitus and he smokes 20 cigarettes per day.

Examination of the affected area reveals erythematous, oedematous fingers, which are blistered. Clear fluid is seen in the blisters. You suspect the patient has frostbite.

Which of the following should be included in early management of this patient's condition?

Select one or more options.

The patient's fingers are splinted and he is given basic analgesia.

Which of the following are advisable during the rewarming phase of the management?

Select one or more options.