Cause

Low urine volume is the most common factor in patients who tend to form stones and is easily remedied by increasing fluid intake sufficient to produce a urine output of 3 litres a day [2].

Usually, a causative factor is not identified. Some authorities advise detailed evaluation after a single stone as recurrence rates are high. This does not appear to be cost effective and is probably best reserved for repeat stone formers.

Predisposition

While renal colic can affect anyone at any age, some groups are more predisposed than others. Predisposition is related to age and gender, as well as to biochemical factors and urinary structural abnormalities.

Learning bite

Investigation for underlying cause is best directed at recurrent stone formers.